# CD55 **Full Name:** Complement Decay-Accelerating Factor **Definition:** Known inhibitor of the complement system, a part of the immune system designated to remove pathogens. **Mechanism:** The primary function of CD55 is to inactivate C3 convertases by dissociating them into their constituent proteins, as well as preventing their assembly, which prevents the formation of the membrane attack complex. >Dho SH, Lim JC, Kim LK. Beyond the role of CD55 as a complement component. *Immune Network*. 2018 Feb 20;18(1):e11. > >Brodbeck WG, Kuttner‐Kondo L, Mold C, Medof ME. Structure/function studies of human decay‐accelerating factor. *Immunology*. 2000 Sep;101(1):104-11. # CryoET **Full Name:** Cryogenic Electron Tomography **Definition:** Tomograms are 3D snapshots of the specimen, typically at high nanometre resolution, allowing the spatial localization of target macromolecules within the sample. Higher-resolution structural information can be resolved via the averaging of different copies of macromolecules in the tomogram in a process called subtomogram averaging. Furthermore, cryoET supports direct correlation of the tomographic data with information obtained from a variety of associated techniques such as fluorescence microscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). **Method:** A technique ideally suited for the direct visualization of molecules in their biological environment, supporting _in situ_ imaging within the cellular context, is electron cryotomography (cryoET). By combining information from two-dimensional (2D) projections of the same sample imaged at different tilt angles with respect to the electron beam, a three-dimensional (3D) volume of the sample, termed tomogram, can be computationally reconstructed. > Ochner H, Bharat TA. Charting the molecular landscape of the cell. *Structure*. 2023 Nov 2;31(11):1297-305. # Integrative Modelling **Definition:** Integrative modelling enables structure determination of macromolecular complexes by combining data from multiple experimental sources. **Method:** X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy (EM), or crosslinking mass spectrometry (XL-MS). It is particularly useful for complexes not amenable to high-resolution EM—complexes that are flexible, heterogenous, or imaged in cells with cryo-electron tomography. > Rantos V, Karius K, Kosinski J. Integrative structural modeling of macromolecular complexes using Assembline. *Nature Protocols*. 2022 Jan;17(1):152-76. # Visual Proteomics **Definition:** The combined structural signatures of multiple protein complexes, detected in the cell by cryoET, have the potential to describe the spatial proteome organization of a specific cell, a procedure referred to as ‘visual proteomics’. > Beck M, Malmström JA, Lange V, Schmidt A, Deutsch EW, Aebersold R. Visual proteomics of the human pathogen Leptospira interrogans. *Nature methods*. 2009 Nov;6(11):817-23. # EO **Full Name:** Entrepreneurial Orientation **Definition:** An EO refers to the processes, practices, and decision-making activities that lead to new entry. It emerges from a strategic-choice perspective, which asserts that new-entry opportunities can be successfully undertaken by "purposeful enactment". Thus, it involves the intentions and actions of key players functioning in a dynamic generative process aimed at new-venture creation. The key dimensions that characterize an EO include a propensity to act autonomously, a willingness to innovate and take risks, and a tendency to be aggressive toward competitors and proactive relative to marketplace opportunities. > Lumpkin GT, Dess GG. Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. *Academy of management Review*. 1996 Jan 1;21(1):135-72. # KIBS **Full Name:** Knowledge-Intensive Business Service Firm **Definition:** Enterprises whose primary value-added activities consist of the accumulation, creation, or dissemination of knowledge for the purpose of developing a customised service or product solution to satisfy the client’s needs. > Lech P. Knowledge-Intensive Business Service Projects–Characteristics and Implications for Project Management–a Preliminary Study. *Procedia Computer Science*. 2022 Jan 1;207:176-85. # NTBF **Full Name:** New Technology-Based Firm **Definition:** Young, independent small and medium-sized enterprises that are founded on the commercial exploitation of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, typically sustained by high levels of research and development intensity and operating within dynamic industrial sectors. > Autio E. ‘Atomistic’and ‘systemic’ approaches to research on new, technology-based firms: a literature study. *Small Business Economics*. 1997 Jun;9(3):195-209. # Life Science Tools Market **Value:** The global life science tools market size was valued at USD 180.87 billion in 2025 and is estimated to exceed around USD 402.92 billion by 2035, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.34% from 2026 to 2035. **Definition:** Life science tools refer to a range of instruments, reagents, and equipment that aid in the study, analysis, and manipulation of biological systems. These tools play a vital role in advancing research and innovation across various sectors, including genetics, molecular biology, diagnostics, and drug development. Common examples include PCR machines, centrifuges, microscopes, spectrophotometers, and other analytical instruments used in laboratories and healthcare settings. Life science tools are integral to fields such as genomics, proteomics, cell biology, and microbiology, enabling researchers to conduct experiments, analyze data, and develop new therapies. They are essential in both basic and applied research and are critical for accelerating scientific discoveries. > Cervicorn Consulting. Life Science Tools Market Size, Share, Report 2026 to 2035. Cervicorn Consulting; 2026. Available from: https://www.cervicornconsulting.com/life-science-tools-market # Structural Biology & Molecular Modeling Techniques Market **Value:** The global structural biology & molecular modeling techniques market size was estimated to be USD 8.32 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 40.47 billion by 2034 with a CAGR of 15.46% during 2024-2034. **Definition:** Advancements in technology, particularly in X-ray crystallography, Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), are significantly driving market growth by providing enhanced resolution, thereby enabling researchers to investigate complex biological systems with greater efficacy. For instance, in May 2024, Google DeepMind and Isomorphic Labs unveiled AlphaFold 3, a groundbreaking model capable of predicting interactions among all biological molecules. This innovative model markedly enhances the accuracy of such predictions, especially concerning proteins and other essential molecules. The implications of AlphaFold 3 are profound, as it has the potential to transform our understanding of biology and revolutionize drug development practices. > Yahoo! Finance. Structural Biology & Molecular Modeling Techniques Market Research to 2034. New York: Yahoo! Finance; 2025 Jan 27. Available from: https://finance.yahoo.com/news/structural-biology-molecular-modeling-techniques-104800087.html # Cryo Electron Microscopy Market **Value:** The Cryo Electron Microscopy Market was valued at USD 1.56 billion in 2025 and is expected to reach USD 4.71 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of 11.65% from 2026-2035. **Definition:** The Cryo Electron Microscopy Market is experiencing growth owing to the rise in the need for high-resolution studies in structural biology, increasing drug discovery efforts, and increased investment in the development of biopharmaceuticals. The adoption of cryo-electron microscopy systems by pharma and biotech firms in their protein analysis, vaccine development, and molecular imaging studies is on the rise. In addition to that, developments in electron detector technology, image processing software, and automation have enhanced the efficiency of scientific research. According to NIH research initiatives, cryo-EM enables visualization of disease-related biomolecules such as viral proteins (including SARS-CoV-2-related studies), supporting faster therapeutic and vaccine design pipelines. Advanced systems such as Thermo Fisher Scientific’s Titan Krios cryo-electron microscopes now enable near-atomic resolution imaging of proteins and macromolecular complexes, representing a major leap in imaging precision and structural determination capabilities. > SNS Insider. Cryo Electron Microscopy Market Size & Growth Report 2035. SNS Insider; 2024 May 27. Available from: https://www.snsinsider.com/reports/cryo-electron-microscopy-market-7338