> ## "OSINT combines effcient problem solving with open, but focused search for new information, making unique links between information sources, enabling development alternative possible solutions, and even new types of problems." > **Glassman & Kang** 2012 > [Intelligence in the internet age: The emergence and evolution of Open Source Intelligence (OSINT)](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=1793653486248273167) # 1 Web Browser Advanced Search Web browsers understand advanced search commands to allow highly tailored searches. **PDFs only** via file type (`filetype:PDF`) > `lgbtq history filetype:pdf` for LGBTQ history PDFs. > `dietary guidelines for americans filetype:pdf` for USDA's DGA. **Exclude results** via dash (`-`) > `chelsea boots -black` for non-black chelsea boots. > `phone case -plastic` for non-plastic phone cases. **Fill in blanks** via asterisk (`*`) > `19* ford mustang` for 1964, '65, and other 19-*something* Ford Mustangs. > `* imaginary street` for any address on Imaginary Street. **Verbatim search** via two quote-marks (`""`) > `"four score and seven years ago"` for Abe Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. > `"its alright we know where you've been"` for Pink Floyd's Welcome to the Machine. **Sites and domains** via site (`site:`) > `nicotine cancer site:.gov` for government sites (.gov domains) on nicotine and cancer. # 2 Wayback Machine Most websites are archived daily as a timeline up and to the point they're taken down. View a website's timeline by entering its name under ==Enter URL or keywords==. [archive.org](https://archive.org) 1998 [apple.com](https://web.archive.org/web/19980509035420if_/http://www.apple.com/) 1998 [google.com](https://web.archive.org/web/19981111183552if_/http://google.stanford.edu/) 2005 [facebook.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20050806011211if_/https://www.facebook.com/) 2006 [twitter.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20061214114700if_/http://twitter.com/) 2006 [youtube.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20061026122318if_/http://youtube.com/) # 3 Google Scholar Google indexes credible, peer-reviewed literature in its database, Google Scholar, and contains millions of works by academic publishers, professional societies, university repositories, and other expert evaluated information. Google Scholar removes unverified info like blogs, opinion pieces, commercial sites, and instead filters and pulls results from reliable, authoritative sources. [scholar.google.com](https://scholar.google.com) > Below was found by searching "OSINT" and clicking ==Cite== to visit its cite ID: > `https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cite=1793653486248273167` > Swap `cite=` with `cluster=` for all non-free and free versions of a work: > `https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=1793653486248273167`